A God-fearer or Godfearer was a class of non-Jewish (gentile) sympathizer to Second Temple Judaism mentioned in the Christian New Testament and other contemporary sources such as synagogue inscriptions in Diaspora Hellenistic Judaism. The concept has precedents in the proselytes of the Hebrew Bible.
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In the Hebrew Bible there is some recognition of monotheistic non-Jewish worship as being to the same God. This forms the category of yir'ei Hashem (God-fearers, cf. Psalm 115:11). This was developed in later rabbinical writings into the concept of uncircumcised Noahides, Gentiles following the "seven laws" which rabbinical writings assigned to Noah, on the basis that Genesis records Noah distinguishing "clean" and "unclean" foods before the covenant of circumcision with Abraham and the regulations of the Law of Moses.[1][2]
There are various Greek forms of this term:
The word may also be related to terms in other languages such as Neo-Persian Tarsàkàn
The terms are found in synagogue inscriptions in Aphrodisias.[3] Judging from the distinctions in the Book of Acts it is thought that they did not become full Proselytes to Judaism, which some rabbis claimed required circumcision,[4] though the evidence across the centuries varies widely and the meaning of the term may have included all kinds of sympathetic Gentiles, proselytes or not.[5] There are also around 300 text references 4th C BCE - 3rd C CE to a sect of Hypsistarians some of whom practised the Sabbath and which many scholars see as sympathizers with Judaism related to God fearers.[6]
Godfearers is used of those who attached themselves in varying degrees to Judaism without becoming total converts, and are referred to in the Christian New Testament's Book of Acts,[7] which describes the Apostolic Age of the 1st century.
— Acts 13:16 So Paul stood up, and motioning with his hand said: “Men of Israel and you who fear God, listen. Acts 13:26 “Brothers, sons of the family of Abraham, and those among you who fear God, to us has been sent the message of this salvation. (ESV)
God-fearers (or 'Fearers of God') are considered to be of significant importance to the popularity of the Early Christian movement. They represented a group of gentiles who shared religious ideas with Jews, to one degree or another. However, they were not converts, but a separate gentile community, engaged in Judaic religious ideas and practices. Noahidism would be a modern parallel. Actual conversion would require adherence to all of the Laws of Moses, which includes various prohibitions (kashrut, circumcision, Sabbath observance etc.) which were generally unattractive to would-be gentile (largely Greek) converts. The rite of circumcision was especially unpopular in Classical civilization because it was the custom to spend an hour a day or so exercising in the nude in the gymnasium and males did not want to be seen in public deprived of their foreskins.[8]
The message of St. Paul, (see Paul of Tarsus and Judaism), stressed that faith in Jesus constituted a new covenant with God, a covenant which essentially provides a 'free gift' of salvation from the harsh edicts of the Mosaic law, see also Christian liberty. The Law of Moses was considered therefore to have little relevance to the Pauline Christian community, (see Pauline passages supporting antinomianism), as the sacrifice of the Christ was seen as a liberation from the demand that a person follow the Law without deviation, see also Abrogation of Old Covenant laws. This message was taken up by the God-fearers, who already represented a sizable group of people. In Paul's message of salvation through faith as opposed to works, the God-fearers found an essentially Jewish group to which they could belong without the necessity of their accepting Jewish Law. Aside from earning Paul's group a wide following, this view was generalized in the eventual conclusion that converts to Christianity need not first accept all Jewish Law, (see Apostolic Decree), a fact which was indispensable to the popularity of the early Christian movement and which would eventually lead to the distinction between Judaism and Christianity as two separate religions.